Factor Affecting People Investing in Mutual Fund Free Essays

Elements influencing individuals putting resources into Mutual Fund in Malaysia: A use of the Theory of Planned Behavior Kuah Kean Lam Research report in halfway satisfaction of the prerequisites for the level of MBA 2008 Acknowledgments I might want to thank my director, Dr. Nabsiah Abd. Wahid and my co-boss, Dr. We will compose a custom paper test on Factor Affecting People Investing in Mutual Fund or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Datin Joriah for their significant direction in helping me with this examination. Extraordinary thanks additionally go to Associate Professor T. Ramayah for his benevolent help and experts in my factual investigation. My true gratitude to all the speakers in the MBA programs. I likewise need to thank my family for their understanding, backing and consolation during the time of my examination. I am additionally thankful to my companions for their assistance and support. In conclusion, I wish to accord my gratefulness to all the respondents who had so kind to react my poll in time. I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgment I TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF APPENDICES ix ABSTRAK xi ABSTRACT xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Background 1. 2. 1 Benefits of Unit Trust Scheme 2 1. 2. 2 Disadvantages of Unit Trust Scheme 1. 2. 3 Types of Unit Trust Funds 4 1. 2. 4 Growth of Mutual Fund in Malaysia 6 1. 3 Problem Statement 8 1. 4 Research Objectives 10 1. 5 Research Question 10 1. 6 Definition of Key Terms 11 ii 1. 6. 1 Mutual Fund/Unit Trust Fund 1. 6. 2 11 Federation of Malaysia Unit Trust Managers (FMUTM) 12 1. 6. 3 Net Asset Value (NAV) 12 1. 6. 4 Islamic Mutual Fund 12 1. 6. 5 Attitude 13 1. 6. 6 Subjective N orms 13 1. 6. 7 Perceived Behavioral Control 14 1. 6. 8 Behavioral Intention 14 1. 7 14 1. 8 Chapter 2 Significance of Study Organization of Remaining Chapter 15 LITERATURE REVIEW 16 2. Presentation 16 2. 2 Literature Review 16 2. 2. 1 Emerging Market Research 17 2. 2. 2 International Research 20 2. 3 Model Explanation (TRA, TAM, TPB, and DTPB) 22 2. 3. 1 Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) 23 2. 3. 2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 25 2. 3. 3 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 26 2. 3. 4 Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) 28 2. 3. 5 Inclusion of different factors in the TPB iii 31 2. 4 33 2. 5 Theoretical Framework 33 2. 6 Chapter 3 Gaps in Literature Hypothesis Development 35 METHODOLOGY 41 3. 1 Introduction 41 3. 2 Research Design 41 3. 2. 1 Type of Study 1 3. 2. 2 Data Collection Method 42 3. 2. 3 Population and Sample 42 3. 2. 4 Data Collection 43 3. 3 Data Analysis 43 3. 3. 1 Descriptive Analysis 45 3. 3. 2 Factor Analysis 45 3. 3. 3 Reliability Test 45 3. 3. 4 Correlati on Analysis 46 3. 3. 5 Multiple Regression Analysis 46 3. 4 48 3. 5 Chapter 4 Summary Expected Outcome 48 RESULTS 50 4. 1 Introduction 50 4. 2 Profile of Respondents 50 4. 3 Goodness of Measures 52 iv 4. 3. 1 Factor Analysis 52 4. 3. 1. 1 Factor Analysis for Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest 53 4. 3. 1. 2 Factor Analysis for Efficacy and Encouraging Condition 54 4. 3. 1. 3 Factor Analysis for Past Behavior, Attitude, SN and PBC 4. 3. 2 4. 4 Reliability Test 57 Descriptive Analysis 4. 4. 1 55 58 Analysis of Independent Variable Explanatory Role 58 4. 5 Correlation Analysis 60 4. 6 Hypotheses Testing 62 4. 6. 1 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 1a) 62 4. 6. 2 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 1b) 64 4. 6. 3 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 1c) 66 4. 6. 4 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 2) 68 4. 6. 5 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 3) 70 4. 7 Chapter 5 Summary of Results 73 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 76 . 1 Introduction 76 5. 2 Recapitulation of the Study Findings 76 5. 3 Discussion of Major Findings 77 v 5. 3. 1 Attitude towards the Behavioral 78 5. 3. 2 Past Behavior 79 5. 3. 3 Subjective Norms 80 5. 3. 4 Perceived Behavioral Control 80 5. 3. 5 Behavioral Intention 81 5. 3. 6 Actual Investment 82 5. 3. 7 Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest 5. 3. 8 Efficacy and Facilitating Condition 83 5 . 3. 9 5. 4 82 Normative Influence 84 Implications 84 5. 4. 1 Theoretical Implication 84 5. 4. 2 Practical Implication 85 5. 4. 2. 1 Marketing Strategy for Mutual Fund 85 5. 5 Responding to the Research Questions 87 5. 6 Limitations 89 5. 7 Future Research 90 5. 8 Conclusion 90 REFERENCES 91 APPENDICES 97 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 4. 1 Respondents Demographic Profile Table 4. 2 Rotated Component Matrix for relative favorable position, Compatibility and simplicity of contribute Table 4. 3 54 Rotated Component Matrix for adequacy and encouraging Condition Table 4. 4 51 55 Rotated Component Matrix for Attitude, SN, PBC and Past Behavior 56 Table 4. 5 Reliability Coefficients of Variables 57 Table 4. 6 Descriptive Statistics 59 Table 4. 7 Pearson’s Correlation Analysis of Variable 1 Table 4. 8 Result of Multiple Regression of H8, H9 and H10 63 Table 4. 9 Result of Multiple Regression of H13 65 Table 4. 10 Result of Multiple Regression of H11 and H12 67 Table 4. 11 Result of Multiple Regression of H1, H2, H3 and H5 69 Table 4. 12 Result of Multiple Regression of H4, H6 and H7 72 Table 4. 13 Summary of Hypotheses Testing Results 73 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. 1 Total NAV versus Bursa Malaysia Market Capitalization as at 31st Dec 2006 6 Figure 2. 1 Theory of Reasoned Action 24 Figure 2. 2 Technology Acceptance Model 25 Figure 2. 3 Theory of Planned Behavior 26 Figure 2. 4 TPB with conviction de-creation 29 Figure 2. 5 Theoretical Framework 35 Figure 4. 1 Stage 1a Multiple Regression 62 Figure 4. 2 Stage 1b Multiple Regression 64 Figure 4. 3 Stage 1c Multiple Regression 66 Figure 4. 4 Stage 2 Multiple Regression 68 Figure 4. 5 Stage 3 Multiple Regression 71 Figure 4. 6 Model Summaries with Significant Relationship and Beta Value 75 viii LIST OF APPENDICES Page Appendix A Questionnaire 97 Appendix B Coding of Variables 103 Appendix C Respondent Frequency Results 104 Appendix D Factor Analysis †Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest 08 Appendix D1 Factor Analysis †Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest. (After evacuation of RA_2) Appendix E 111 Factor Analysis †Efficacy and Facilitating Condition 114 Appendix E1 Factor Analysis †Efficacy and Facilitating Condition (After expulsion of FC_2) 117 Appendix E2 Factor Analysis †Efficacy and Facilitating Condition (After expulsion of FC_2 and EF_2 ) Appendix F 120 Factor Analysis †Past Behavior, Attitude, Subjective Norm And PBC 123 Appendix F1 Factor Analysis †Past Behavior, Attitude, Subjective Norm And PBC (After evacuation of Att_3) 128 Appendix G Dependability Analysis †Behavioral Intention 133 Appendix H Reliability Analysis †Actual Investment 134 Appendix I Reliability Analysis †Attitude 135 Appendix J Reliability Analysis †Subjective Norm 136 Appendix K Reliability Analysis †PBC 137 Appendix L Reliability Analysis †Relative Advantage 138 ix Appendix M Reliability Analysis †Ease of Invest 139 Appendix N Reliability Analysis †Normative Influence 140 Appendix O Reliability Analysis †Efficacy 141 Appendix P Reliability Analysis †Facilitating Condition 142 Appendix Q Descriptive Analysis Results 143 Appendix R Correlation Analysis Results 44 Appendix S Stage 1a Multiple Regression Analysis 145 Appendix T Stage 1b Multiple Regression Analysis 148 Appendix U Stage 1c Multiple Regression Analysis 151 Appendix V Stage 2 Multiple Regression Analysis 154 Appendix W Stage 3 Multiple Regression Analysis 157 x ABSTRAK (MALAY) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaburan dalam dana bersama d i Malaysia: Applikasi dengan Teori Perlakuan Terancang. Dana Bersama (Mutual Fund) di Malaysia mengalami perkembangan pesat dalam beberapa tahun yang lepas. Perkembangan pesat ini menandakan kesesuaian pelaburan secara berkumpul di Malaysia. Hari ini, dana bersama telah menjadi satu bahagian penting dalam bidang ekonomi Malaysia. Perkembangan sihat dalam bidang tersebut telah memberi manfaat kepada ekonomi negara dan para pelabur. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi orang ramai untuk melabur dalam dana bersama di Malaysia dengan menggunakan Teori Perlakuan Terancang (TPB) yang diubahsuai. Sebanyak 400 soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada orang dewasa di negeri Pulau Pinang dan 211 soal selidik yang boleh diguna telah dikutip balik. Berdasarkan analisis, didapati model yang diguna dapat menerangkan 47. % varian dalam Keinginan (Intention). Sikap (Attitude), Perlakuan Lepas (Past Behavior) and Norma Subjektif (Subjective Norms) mempunyai hubungan positif yang ketara dengan keinginan untuk melabur dalam dana bersama. Analisis seterusnya mendapati kedua-dua kelakuan lepas dan keinginan mempunyai hubungan kesan positif yang ketara dengan pelaburan sebenar. Sungguhpun model ini dapat meneran gkan varian agak tinggi dalam keinginan, tetapi didapati Tanggapan Kawalan Perlakuan (Perceived Behavioral Control) tidak mempunyai hubungan kesan positif yang ketara dengan keinginan dan pelaburan sebenar. Keputusan ini mencadangkan model teoretikal lain tanpa pembolehubah (variable) ini mungkin akan lebih sesuai untuk mengkaji sikap pelaburan dana bersama. xi ABSTRACT Mutual Funds in Malaysia have encountered incredible development in the previous barely any years. This development mirrors the appropriateness of aggregate interests in Malaysia. Shared reserve frames a significant piece of the Malaysian economy today. The solid development of the business appears to profit the country’s economy and the speculators. The point of this investigation is to decide the variables influencing individuals putting resources into Mutual Fund in Malaysia utilizing the changed decayed Theory of Planned Behavior. Organized survey was utilized in this examination. 400 surveys were appropriated to the grown-ups in Penang state and 200 eleven useable polls have been gathered back. In light of t

Elements of Cinema Essay

* Since the pictures of moving pictures move in time, time is the most significant component of the film. In the film it is dependent upon compression, extension, breaks or jumps through the control of the executive. The three parts of the time 1. Physical time is the time made by a move as it is being shot and as it is being anticipated on the screen. A film may really show what's going on, in actuality. * Physical time in the film can be twisted through moderate movement, quickened movement, turn around movement, and halted movement. * Slow movement happens when the camera takes pictures quicker than the projector can show them on the screen. * Accelerated movement happens when the camera takes pictures more slow than the projector can run them on the screen. * Reserve movement passes on a fixing of time * Stopped movement isn't regularly utilized. Rather than halting the activity of an in any case moving arrangement, despite everything photos are utilized. 2. Mental time is our passionate impression of the span of the activity that we experience as we watch film. All things considered, our psychological state influences the manner in which time goes for use. Time appears to move quick when we are cheerful. Weariness, inaction, or disaster makes delay. * In the film, time additionally go rapidly and incites in us a sentiment of invigoration and fervor, while a moderate pace can prompt a despairing state of mind or pain and hinder time. 3. Emotional time alludes to the time taken up by the occasions which are portrayed in the film. the film may utilize a story-line that covers a solitary typical day for a character or the entire history of a progress. * A story that grasps a significant stretch of time may use flashbacks, incorporate a plague or an epilog, or avoid that inessential since it tends to be controlled from the shot. * A film that delineates a short timeframe might be stretched out through redundancy of various viewpoints on the occasions or the consideration of scenes which to us may appear to move quickly over the screen when in truth it covers a couple of moments. Peruse more:Â Analysis on Philippine Cinema

Health Issues of Homeless Population

Medical problems of Homeless Population Presentation An individual is thought about destitute if there is no rooftop over his head to live. The measurements, which win just, identify with masses that are considered destitute and meet the necessities for nearby government help. The quantity of family units announced needing dire lodging in United Kingdom expanded by about 25% in the course of the most recent four years. The tremendous quantities of individuals ordered have confounded social, wellbeing and mental necessities, and in the previous years an extraordinary number of focuses have been set up to administer principal care to individuals having a place with destitute gathering. Significance of general wellbeing Individual clinical administrations guideline body has made this practicable; prior, the system of general professional (GP) fundholding was an obstacle to boss consideration for transient individuals with confused and unsolved issues. The broadly expanded general professional (GP) understanding will no doubt set forward instigations for oversight of transient individuals. The current hindrances for this gathering can be seen in suc a route that In a report to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, they joined the arrangement methods, opening occasions of medical procedure, money related disincentives, area and segregation. Reasons for separation contain impressions that they are brutal, standoffish, transient, or ‘undeserving’. Moreover, the circumstance was managed some transient individuals face considerably more danger of being barred because of their sex, age, sexual direction or ethnic foundation. In essential care, requesting behavior can involve question, howev er order of a person as ‘undeserving’ or ‘deserving’ takes no portrayal of the social components for instance destitution and joblessness, which can direct to vagrancy. Specialists are supported by the general media gathering to allow individual perspectives about patients’ sex, culture, race, age or sexuality to assume the thought the care they get. In view of it a test is being put on clinicians not to kill individuals from wellbeing focuses on account of vagrancy or conceivable medication culture. (Anne, 2005). Regular medical issues Medications Individuals without home have a bigger extent of perilous dreariness and mankind than the other all inclusive community. The significant wellbeing necessity is tranquilize reliance,and the utilization of illicit medications, which cause various bleakness (counting viral hepatitis B and C), septicemia, HIV disease, profound vein apoplexy, abscesses, endocarditis, cellulitis and encephalitis. Contiguous this, many will utilize various medications, for the most part heroin and cocaine.Typically for drugs clients, standards make these guidelines. Controlled medications ought to be approved to those patients just who have really acknowledged GP, drugs specialist and patient. Presently there are countries affirmed consequences of medication cure,and the strategy will depend on the individuals who use drugs autonomous circumstances, for instance, some medication clients will demanded to detoxify from narcotics (obviously it is then sensible to work to a result of end of medication use). For disrupted medication clients, this result isn't a lot of reasonable from the start exhibit and the objective must be to set up wellbeing and social obligating’s. This (hurt decrease) will include a decrease in the measure of the medications utilized, redesigning in physical wellbeing, less evil activity and improved connections (individual/family). (Phill, 2003) Liquor Numerous transient individuals have a determined history of genuine liquor reliance with hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, or metabolic complexities. Not to overlook that the danger of self destruction in light of despondency is still there. Much of the time the transient clients of liquor will go to the broad professional with an intrigue for pressing detoxification. This ought not be attempted without adequate preliminary help and appraisal. Especially, uncontrolled detoxification can lead to spasms (for the most part in the underlying 24 hours), which can cause passing. The medication of decision to achieve expulsion is chlordiazepoxide. Prior Clomethiazole (Heminevrin) was taken, however this is progressively poisonous when unnecessarily taken and has bigger causing reliance limit. A treatment of nutrients is utilized rather which likewise requires to be suggested enormous portion of thiamine for a solitary week followed by prolongation nutrient B mix solid. (Phil, 2003) Smoking In the customary populace, smoking have diminishes since most recent 30 years. As expressed by the General Household Survey, 27% of grown-up populace smokes. One of the administration examination did about smoking (among vagrants) was overseen in 1996 by Gill. They found that the degrees of the smoking were: 90% of vagrants 85% of open in night covers 68% of inn occupants 49% of private division rented habitation. Ebb and flow inquire about in England (southwest) and Wales noticed that 94% of Big Issue sellers detailed smoking cigarettes. (Hellen, 2003). Psychological wellness The most widely recognized medical problem in vagrants is sedate prompted, psychosis, schizophrenia, sorrow and nervousness states.The course of the connection with vagrancy is dubious; mental sick wellbeing can be a reason and furthermore can be an impact. As contrasted and the standard populace, psychological instability is overrepresented in youngsters (regularly harsh sleepers), the chief conditions being schizophrenia, full of feeling issue, psychoses and substance abuse (counting alcohol).Dual conclusion is normal and a considerable lot of the vagrants who are intellectually sick have a past filled with illicit activities. The wrongdoings predominantly comprise of rapacious wrongdoing or liquor propensity, harm to property or wickedness while smashed. A less men have a background marked by fierce wrongdoing. Practically under 1/3 of destitute people.For some elderly folks individuals, psychological maladjustment is the abundance to homelessness.(Richard Michael, 2008). Practice associations There has numerous discussions directed on whether essential consideration is better furnished through particular general exercises working with vagrants than through basic activities.It has been talked that a specific broad interest for transient individuals is ideal to put on these transient medication clients in Armageddon with an overabundance of wellbeing inconveniences. Furthermore, just as settling the serious clinical states such applications can coordinate the transient individual in right utilization of essential consideration. At the point when these outcomes have been accomplished the patient is persuaded to hold up with an ordinary practice. This change can be hard for patients as well as for clinical specialists when there is an incredible individual obligation. Thus, we consider that a particular presentation requires the help of a submitted GP contact specialist. Particular regular practices for transient individuals are just conceivable in enormous zones of the city. For town transient occupants, the appropriate response lays in addition of existing typical essential medicinal services administrations. Another issue in fundamental consideration arrangement for transient individuals is the snugness between training based work and effort work. The fight for effort is relied for the most part upon an off-base notion that transient individuals are brief and don't move toward fundamental care.(James, 1994) Working with essential consideration associations Verifiably the sorted out multiagency working for the benefit of transient individuals has been difficult to accomplish, for causes containing absence of clarity about the right obligations and jobs given by contrasting organizations, issues in sharing data, and incompletion to reply in a planned way. The Royal College of General Practitioners proposes that vagrancy issues ought to be considered as segment of the essential consideration association (PCO) motivation. In a Statement on Homelessness and Primary Care it says that PCOs should give administrations for in progress vagrancy woks, acquire a fine comprehension of the quantities of transient individuals in their district and the issues they face, and ought to support multiagency associations and the sharing of shows and working ways that make facilitated care and incorporated working simpler. Working with medical clinics At the point when wiped out, transient individuals search for the assistance later than others. They are over-represented in nearness at crisis divisions and medical clinic mishaps. Regardless of whether their stopped grumblings would be overseen in a superior way in fundamental consideration isn't obvious; the explanation for a large portion of the attendances is purposeful self-mischief or overdose of medicine, so the raised participation speed could cast back the high ordinariness of genuine affliction in this class of transient individuals. The GP will wish a transient patient with intense infection to remain in the clinical consideration community until completely solid for release, and in transient clients of medications this might be helped by guidance of substitute medicine on the emergency clinic rooms. The main reason ought to be to keep the clients of medications in a clinic room and not permit them take their own release on account of procuring negligible substitute presc ription. Since the GP may wish to push on these guidelines of specialists significantly after release, works on working with clients of medications require equitably coordinated associations with administrations to the inpatients. Present day numerous clients of the medications taking methadone are freed out either without drug or with satisfactory measure of medication for only a solitary day. This puts extreme weight upon essential consideration. (Sound Life, solid individuals) Working with different partners Joint working comprised of medicinal services relates as well as different administrations suppliers to transient individuals consolidating social administrations offices, lodging offices, and non-legal organizations. Finally, and most fundamentally, GPs should look for to work in relationship with transient individuals themselves, the ‘consumers. Client contribution: dynamic or aloof? In trivialized classifications, contribution of patients can be a productive way to better medicinal services. On account of va

Global Journal Management Business Research -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Global Journal Management Business Research? Answer: Presentation Dell was established in the year 1984 by Michael Dell by the name of PC constrained with a capital of $ 1,000 and a game changing vision about the structure, assembling and selling of innovation later on. The organization before long changed its name to Dell in the year 1987 and has now gotten one of the biggest Multi - National PC Technology Company. The home office are situated at Round Rock, Texas United states and representatives more than 100,000 people[1]. The organization is in the matter of creating, selling, and fix of PCs and furthermore underpins the PC and related item and administrations. The organization sells PCs,Laptops, servers, information stockpiling gadgets, switches, programming, PC peripherals, HDTVs, camera, printers, players and hardware worked by different makers. The organization has become famous in the PC business and brag of a worldwide reach. The organization is by and by focussing on the creating economies and is giving them best of PC gadgets to fortif y the current biological system of PC market.[2] Dell faces solid rivalry in the Hong Kong showcase from its opponents HP Lenovo. The reason for the report here is to comprehend and break down the present advertising system and position of the organization. The report will likewise concentrate on the USP of Dell; play out a domain investigation for Dell. The report will additionally concentrate on the serious scene in the PC market and direct a SWOT examination for the organization. Microsoft, HP, IBM, Apple and Lenovo are the principle contenders of Dell. The report will give an understanding about the smaller scale and large scale ecological powers which are basic to the organization. Ecological Analysis-Dell The reason for ecological examination is to concentrate on the outside and inner elements which may influence the business later on; thus the associations need to take a determined move so as to keep the harm from the unsure natural conditions. Smaller scale and full scale ecological powers along these lines assume a significant job. [3] Full scale Environmental Analysis Full scale condition can influence any sort of business and subsequently it is exhorted that organizations do a careful comprehension of the powers applicable to large scale condition and appropriately make a back-up plan for any misfortune later on. PESTLE 5 powers is the most mainstream model which is utilized for the examination of Macro condition. PESTLE Analysis DELL is one of the prestigious brands with regards to PC Laptop industry, all around, the organization has made a positive picture in the psyches of purchasers by giving quality items further upheld by great client support ensure. The Laptops of Dell are considered as protected, solid, furnished with great execution and pocket agreeable. PESTL investigation will help in understanding the impact of outside condition on DELL. Political Forces It has been seen that the political powers majorly affect organizations which are working universally. The worldwide players need to manage the developing political weight, approaches identified with remote organizations, charge guideline and the ever hanging world of politics. In setting of Dell, the predominant strain among US and China and cause inconvenience to the US PC mammoth. Furthermore, political solidness assumes a significant job, if the administration transforms it changes a great deal of approaches which may influence the matter of Dell. Over the most recent couple of years, the European association have been confronting a great deal of political and monetary strife which has been influencing the matter of Dell in a ton of European nations. Dell relies upon China for the crude material and modest work, subsequently if connection among US and China don't improve rapidly the organization will either need to search for a substitute market or endure a significant blow.[4] Financial Forces Financial powers change the state of the country as well as antagonistically influence the buying intensity of individuals, further hindering the economy. The world is recuperating from poor financial state of scarcely any countries, particularly in the EU; this has essentially influenced the matter of Dell. Despite the fact that the Asian economy is doing acceptable, yet Dell has not had the option to infiltrate the market to the level true to form prior. Henceforth, decrease in the buying intensity of the shoppers, combined with moderate development pace of an economy can mess up any brand.[5] Social Factors Social variables assume a significant job for organizations, particularly with the changing biological system of innovation, organizations need to continue rethinking themselves to more readily suit the necessities and needs of the buyers. The example has now been moving from enormous PCs to smaller work areas, tablets and cell phones, all the brands are putting forth a valiant effort to utilize the economies of scale to best utilize. It would thus be able to be said that so as to be in front of the race brands need to reliably continue redoing their item methodology to fit the developing needs of the buyers Mechanical Factors Dell is an innovation organization and consequently the organization continues designing new items as indicated by the changing purchaser conduct and innovation. In the course of the most recent decade cell phones have harmed the PC and the Laptop advertise altogether, consequently Dell has been harmed antagonistically because of the changing innovation environment. Dell has been reliably been changing its image system to focus on its current and new clients, at the same time, the deals have dropped after multiplication of Smartphones and Tablets over the globe.[6] Legitimate Factors Conforming to the legitimate necessity of a country is extremely significant for any brand having global activities, as various countries have diverse lawful prerequisite in this way the worldwide brands need to agree to all countries prerequisite. Ecological Forces The legislatures have been going extremely exacting with protecting the earth and have presented serious fines on the organizations not agreeing to the ecological guideline. Clients have likewise gotten mindful of the developing rapture around the earth and in this manner want to purchase from organizations who are focussing on natural manageability. Dell isn't behind its rivals and has put intensely in reusing; vitality effectiveness and different zones to improve the effect Dell item have on Mother Nature. Advertising Strategy-Dell Perspective Promoting procedure can be comprehended by investigation the 4Ps of advertising blend of any organization. The advertising blend centers around the organization Product, value, spot and advancement methodology, and how the organization utilized these parameters to order its market and keep showcase predominance over its rivals. Item Driving maker, distributer and advertiser of PC, Tablets, Laptops and PC peripherals. Dell accepts that advertising isn't just constrained to giving products to the customers, however it is identified with obliging the changing needs of the shoppers. The organization gives various items which take into account the necessities of both family and businesses.[7] Cost Dell changes its evaluating technique as per the existence cycle the item falls into. Dell centers around creating minimal effort workstations for its crowd. Dell has been slicing costs as of late to cut the opposition. Dell items are adaptable and thus its cost is an element of customization.[8] Spot Spot is the channel for conveyance of Dells item. Dell utilizes retailers, distributers and stockrooms for the conveyance of its items. Spot is the segment Dell exceeds expectations in, its items are accessible at the closest vendors and in this manner clients have simple access to Dell products.[9] Advancement Dell utilizes both the conventional and contemporary devices of showcasing to advance its items. It is vigorously focussing on the Digital medium to expand the brand attention to its items. The organization continues supporting a great deal of industry occasions to make the brand mindfulness. It has as of late gotten into sorting out test and challenges for individuals to take an interest, accordingly expanding the item deals. Upper hand Dell Focus One of the greatest upper hands the organization has is because of its calculated predominance over different players; the organization keeps up an immediate relationship with the buyers regardless of utilizing a retail channel. The organization additionally follows a worked to arrange procedure for its purchasers, giving it an edge over its rivals. There are different parameters which makes Dell one of a kind in the manner it is, a portion of the notification commendable focuses are: Dell has an incredibly quick correspondence framework. Dell keeps its IMC clear and sound, along these lines everybody knows about what Dell does the best. Dell chooses accomplices after a definite examination and attempts to keep a drawn out relationship with them. Dell has a base number of providers to be in a situation to check the item quality. The organization utilizes the cutting edge days instrument of computerized showcasing for expanding brand mindfulness. The organization centers around the best arrangement and not simply the innovation, the completeness of its answer is one of the greatest USP of the organization. Dell has received an exceptional advancement procedure; it tunes in to clients issue so as to understand them so a positive effect can be made in the general public. Dell has a standout amongst other gracefully chain systems, which makes its item effectively accessible in the market, at the closest dealer.[10] Dell has a client driven methodology, the organization puts stock in cultivating a positive relationship with the clients dependent on the mainstays of trust, confidence and common regard. Because of this the organization has had the option to hold countless its clients. Further adding to it is the client assistance focuses of Dell; these are extraordinary compared to other shopper administration fixates which are consistently on their foot to determine client question and concerns. All the focuses referenced above fills in as interesting selling purpose of the c

Interpretation and delivery of language Essay Example for Free

Translation and conveyance of language Essay I am writing to salute you after being picked to fill the role of Richard in our inevitable creation of Richard III. This letter is a guide for you for how I might want the piece of Richard to be acted. This will be principally founded on two key scenes in the play, which are Act 1 Scene I (opening scene) and Act 5 Scene VII (night before fight scene). This guide covers 3 primary parts of filling the role of Richard. These are: Your collaboration with different characters, your translation and conveyance of discourse inside the play and your physical portrayal of Richard. The motivation behind why these two scenes have been focused on is on the grounds that they happen at key minutes inside the play and at far edges also. In addition to the fact that they appear at far edges of the play they happen when Richardss certainty is at far edges of the enthusiastic range. This empowers us to see Richard from various viewpoints and it gives us his multi-faceted mental and enthusiastic states. As I am certain you know, Richard is depicted as an Evil and heart free ruler just as being genuinely disfigured. In spite of the fact that components of this depend on reality, it is valued that Shakespeare caused huge numbers of these portrayals to up. Because of constrained other authentic reference this is the means by which Richard is depicted these days. Shakespeares purposes behind, maybe, making up these realities are to satisfy the Queen at his time, who was Queen Elizabeth I. This would please her since it was her granddad, Henry Tudor (later Henry VII (Richmond in the play)), who became King after Richard III was executed in fight. Clearly this made Richmond and Richard adversaries, so depicting Richard as both shrewd and disfigured would put Queen Elizabeth and her heritage in better light. Richardss insidious is obvious from his absolute first discourse (a speech) in the primary scene of Act 1. This independent discourse to the crowd establishes the pace for the idea of Richardss abhorrent universes and activities all through the remainder of the play. This preeminent danger is apparent in the statement that I will instantly send thy soul to paradise, when alluding to his Brother Clarence who he has vowed to spare from detainment. This is callous in its extraordinary structure thinking about that he has vowed to his sibling to have him discharged structure the Tower, which Clarence accepts, however in truth he will have him murdered. This implies you should depict an enormous sentiment of insidiousness and callousness to the crowd. This should be possible by growling and nearly spitting when discussing what you intend to have done just as making precise and jerky movements instead of smooth adjusted ones. Anyway Richardss malicious is frequently coordinated by his insight and a case of this is in the statement To set my sibling Clarence and the lord in savage abhor, the one against the other. This shows how he is manipulative and again you should get the crowd to accept this about you just as making them in amazement of your insight and plotting. Clearly Richard knows about his insight, so depict this to the crowd with a strut and self-assurance of a man who is aware of his enormous abilities. A great deal of the purposes for Richardss scorn for everything jolly is because of his physical deformations and his disdain of his own appearance. He is aware of his own distortions, evident in the line Nor made to court and affectionate mirror. He does anyway utilize this to concentrate himself on his aims. A case of this is clear in the line And along these lines, since I can't demonstrate a loveri am resolved to demonstrate a reprobate. These variations from the norm should, from the outset, seem to disappoint you and irritate you; anyway inside in a moment this ought to be changed to alleviation when he understands that his quirk can work in his bit of leeway making him engaged and increasingly resolved to accomplish his objectives. To cause these distortions to show up capably they should be overstated to tell the crowd, despite the fact that his variations from the norm are making him increasingly focussed, that they are as yet a physical shortcoming and in this way a block. This can be accomplished by seeming dependant on a stick that you will convey. This is to give the feeling that truly you are dependant upon others or items. This will likewise give chances to individuals to assault you and insult your incapacities, for example, the stick could be kicked from underneath you and you could utilize it to recover, again demonstrating physical reliance. The center that has originated from these incapacities must be indicated noticeably too. Richards center is clear in the statement For then Ill wed Warwicks most youthful girl. This gives us what lengths he is eager to go to get and afterward keep the crown in his family after his demise. His proficiency and planning must be indulgent to give the crowd motivation to trust Richards clear alleviation that his deformations can concentrate him on progress. This implies likewise that, paying little heed to the circumstance, you show up in charge and guaranteed, especially in the prior scenes of the play. From this scene where Richard is proficient, guaranteed and sorted out, we move onto the other key scene. This is the night before fight scene where both Richard and, his foe, Richmond are getting ready themselves and their military for the fight to come. The scene begins with a statement from Richard saying Why, out battalia trebles that account; other than the Kings name is a Tower of solidarity. I most definitely accept that this demonstration of certainty is one where the speaker, for this situation Richard has almost no confidence in his remark so I would welcome you saying this line with a particular absence of conviction in your own comment. It appears to me likewise that with this remark he isn't just attempting to persuade those tuning in of his armys quality, however he is additionally persuading himself. His clear absence of certainty is than aggravated by the presence of the phantoms. There are numerous statements from the apparitions to Richard. A common case of this would be And fall thy edgeless blade; sadness and pass on! which was said by the phantom of Clarence. These statements must seem to influence you now as maybe they wouldnt have done in the prior scenes. These impacts incorporate neurosis and further imprints to your certainty which can be acted by altering your stance and non-verbal communication. At that point when he rises and shines from this fantasy he is persuaded he has stir from fight. Proof of this is in the line Give me another Horse! Tie up my injuries and following this he starts to scrutinize his still, small voice just because which is available in the statement O defeatist inner voice, how dost thou harrow me. This gives us that he is not, at this point immune and that the monstrosities he has submitted are starting to produce results on him.

DATA FOR BLACK LIVES

DATA FOR BLACK LIVES THE DATA FOR BLACK LIVES MANIFESTO: woke up this morning, layered on two sweaters and a jacket, and went across the street to the media lab, where the DATA FOR BLACK LIVES conference is happening all weekend. check out the livestream at  https://www.facebook.com/data4blacklives * * * im sad i wont be able to attend most of the panels. but i made it to the opening panel. here are some very incomplete notes i jotted down about what everyone said KAMALA HARRIS,  my senator from california, recorded a video message to kick off the morning. she talked about the the power of technology and data science to bring change to the criminal justice system. CATHY ONEIL, author of Weapons of Math Destruction, talked about how algorithms and data are never neutral; they reflect decisions made by people in power about what and how information should be used. she cites examples of data bias in predictive policing  and criminal risk assessment. theres a critical need for ethics and accountability in data science, and a bill of rights for data so that everyday citizens can understand how their data is being used. MALIKA SAADA SAAR, googles senior counsel on civil and human rights, spoke about the power of documentation. smartphones, cameras, microphones, VR, give us new ways to bear witness to human rights abuses and give voice to people who have historically been marginalized. smartphones and social media were critical for the BlackLivesMatter movement, by making police brutality visible and visceral. human rights abuses happen in silence; technology can help us break that silence. DR. ATYIA MARTIN, chief resilience officer for the city of boston, talked about her work on bostons first ever resilience strategy. she also talked about how racism is complex and systematic; its not a binary of racists and nonracists. its a system thats collectively, regularly reinforced, and that we all participate in. that broader context is important where do data and technology fit into that system? how can we use data and technology to change it? If were not managing our bias, then our bias is managing us. PURVI SHAH  talked about her work co-founding the LAW FOR BLACK LIVES  network. Law, like data, is often framed as neutral, objective, emotionless, and this means that it makes systems of discrimination seem normal and fair. she talked about how she went to law school expecting to learn about justice, and found instead that our legal system was rife with legalized oppression. she cites the case of johnson v. mintosh, which involved white people laying claim to native land, and which became the foundation for all modern property law. she also talked about her experience in the BlackLivesMatter movement; how the media portrayed protestors as thugs and looters, but what she saw were teachers, families, disabled people, babies. she talked about getting teargassed. and she talked about how hundreds of people needed lawyers, but there was a deficit of lawyers willing to represent these so-called thugs and looters. that led to the creation of LAW FOR BLACK LIVES, centered on the concept of MOVEMENT LAWYERING. movement lawyering holds that law is not neutral; that law must primarily be a tool for empowering people. movement lawyering also means starting with partnership and trust. there are no rogue agents; there are no savior complexes. decenter yourselves and center Black leadership. in that spirit, she asks us to consider what might MOVEMENT DATA SCIENCE look like? THE DATA FOR BLACK LIVES MANIFESTO: DATA AS PROTEST There were 144 protests in 26 cities across the country on the day the cop who killed Eric Garner got away with murder.  For those of us who protested in Miami, we did not know Eric Garner personally, but that did not matter. What brought us together was the common experience of grief that came with the loss of an innocent life, particularly when the theft of that life was authorized by the law. We did not know Oscar Grant, or Sandra Bland, or Mike Brown. But we knew our ownevery single one of us who took over the I-95 highway had attended funerals, comforted grieving family members, and cried for those who were slain. All of us knew what it meant to live with our backs against the wall. All of us had worn black before we held the Black Lives Matter signs. The danger and the urgency of being on the highway was not new to us. Three years earlier, we drove 7 hours to the Florida state capitol the day after Trayvon Martins murderer was acquitted. Within days, young people mobilized by the hundreds from all over the US to join us as we occupied governor Rick Scotts office. Many were barely over the age of 18. We slept on the cold marble floor of the state capitol, surrounded by federal agents and undercover law enforcement. We missed class and were fired from our jobs because we could not leave. To go home meant to face a new reality, one that we were unwilling to accept with a single verdict it had now become legal in Florida to kill a Black child. For the silenced, the internet is a megaphone. For the powerless, technology is power. A movement was growing all over the country, and the internet became the rallying point a place where we could leave our individual silent struggles and take part in something greater. Where we were no longer afraid. Social media became press, and a forum for the voiceless. It became a street corner on which to congregate, free of police cars. But it was also a dining room table, a living room sofa where we could cry, mourn and strategize. Where laughter could birth resilience. It became a way for people who once felt isolated in their experiences to find connection and collective purpose. In his seminal speech, The Other America, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. defines riot as the language of the unheard. He urges people to condemn the conditions that create riots as forcefully as they condemn the riots. He asks, What has America failed to hear today? Riots were necessary to change the status quo, to expose and disrupt a system where racism was not only encouraged, but in which the dispossession of entire peoples was seen as necessary to maintaining the American way of life. We are once again living in an era of the unhread. The police dogs and fire hoses of our foreparents were replaced with crack cocaine, police brutality, and a new system of social control ossified in the legal apparatus known as the criminal justice system. Today, oppression takes on new and different forms. Risk assessment algorithms with the veneer of objectivity reinforce historical oppression in the courtroom. New forms of redlining, enabled by big data and machine learning, have taken root in Black communities across the country. And with detailed polling data, state legislatures have disenfranchised millions of Black voters through gerrymandering and targeted voter suppression. New forms of racism demand new forms of activism and resistance. We took to the streets because all other channels of communication were gridlocked. We blocked the busiest highway on the East Coast because like moving traffic the onslaught of policies, practices and systems that had become the bedrock of our society could only be disrupted by protest. We protested because like the ones that came before us, and the ones who came before them, we were unwavering in the principle that our lives were worth fighting for. Data, like protest, is a form of advocacy when all other channels are blocked. No one marches against moving traffic unless the highways are safer than their own homes. No one puts their bodies on the line unless their voices alone are not enough. But some narratives created by data can only be disrupted by data. And when the stories and experiences of individuals fall on deaf ears, there is power in a number. DATA AS ACCOUNTABILITY Since the advent of computing, data systems have penetrated virtually every aspect of our social and economic lives. These new data regimes have the power to fight bias and racism, but as we are witnessing, this potential is limited by the choices and assumptions of human beings. If we are not careful, the anti-Black racism we seek to resist will become further embedded into the systems that govern our society. Algorithmic racism is not new; its logic is inherent in our countrys founding. In 1787, the frameres of the constitution reached an agreement now known as the three-fifths compromise. In a single phrase three fifths of all other persons the degradation of Black livelihood in America was encoded in mathematical terms. But 3/5 was not just a fraction, but a coefficient in an algorithm known as the electoral college, a process devised to elect representation that has persisted to this day. This was not a compromise between Black Americans and white Americans but a compromise between Northern whites, who coveted political dominance, and Southern whites, who sought to inflate the population of slaveholding states to increase their political influence as slavery made them rich. As an algorithmic process, the electoral college did not define success as democratic representation (one person, one vote as we define it today). Within this perverse logic, Black people were relegated to property rather than personhood, fully present in the everyday violence and humiliation that was chattel slavery, but denied any semblance of citizenship. With the electoral college, the only way slavery could have been abolished in the early days of the union was if Black people were counted as zero, giving more power to whites in the North to whom slavery was more of an economic threat than a moral calamity. What was incentivized in this algorithm is a reality we have yet to confront the brutal, enduring and deeply ingrained impulse to deny Black peoples political power at all costs. The basic algorithm that resulted in the election of Thomas Jefferson as the first President-elect of the United States and ensured that a Southern slave owner won 12 of the first 16 elections, is an early iteration of the same electoral college algorithm that has upheld anti-Black racism in the highest office of this country today. Two hundred and thirty years later, the moral depravity that was sent into motion by this algorithm has succeeded. Two hundred and thirty years later, this algorithm is still working. It is with this history in mind that we hold these truths to be self-evident, that the future of this nation depends on our collective ability to denounce the brutal logic on which our country was formed. Our call to action is simple: we must apply the same critical lens to the algorithms and technologies of the present that we apply in retrospect to the past. For we know that this oppressive mathematics has not disappeared, but as evolved and transmuted over time, resurfacing under the guise of progress. At this very moment, police departments across the country are using sophisticated predictive algorithms to target and intimidate entire communities of people. Acclaimed as groundbreaking advances in scientific policing, these technologies continue the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow, reinforcing the inherent impulse of racism to deny Black people the freedom of citizenship and personhood. These technologies do not work in isolation In the 2016 election, 2.2 million Black people were denied their fundamental right of citizenship, stripped of the right to vote because of prior criminal convictions and denied a voice in the decisions that impact their lives. This is the modern legacy of slavery and the mathematical racism that was the three-fifths compromise. But we dream of a new world. One where data and analytics are used in novel ways to build progressive movements and promote civic engagement. A world where the reclamation of the very methods that have been weaponized against Black communities will be used to reject and overcome unconscious bias in decision-making and to detect and expose racism in housing, education, and public health. We conceive of a world where the data and modeling that led to decades of redlining and housing discrimination are used to build wealth in Black communities. Where the troves of election data that has been used to disenfranchise Black voters are leveraged instead to modernize voter registration and ensure that every single eligible Black voter makes it to the polls. Our panelists and presenters have used data and technology in innovative ways to mobilize formerly incarcerated people in Louisiana, the state with the highest rate of incarceration in the country and therefore in the world. They have developed new mathematical models of reverse racist gerrymandering practices. They have fought racism and bias in machine learning and artificial intelligence. Our panelists have courageously advocated for a new future for Black creative production, one where Black artists and entertainers own their work as well as the immense value created by their data. With the past as their compass, they have built community-led maker-spaces and digital fabrication labs in Detroit, their hometown and a city whose resilience in the face of automation and state-sanctioned violence must be a blueprint for us all. Accountability means the power to influence the decisions that impact your life. It means the ability to hold those in power liable for their actions, but most importantly, to be represented in the first place. In the absence of true democracy, data has the unique ability to amplify the voices of those who have been silenced and to make them impossible to ignore. With data whether community-lead surveys or machine learning algorithms decision-makers are forced to reckon with the decisions that have made the survival of so many impossible. DATA AS COLLECTIVE ACTION Enter the people. Out of hiding they come. From out of dimly lit laboratories, amongst stacks and library cubicles. From narrow roads in rural towns lined with shotgun houses, from the isolation of tall buildings and offices housed within cities built by the sweat of their brow. Can you see them walking in unison? They are here to gather. See them coming off of the highways, moving through cars and traffic, off of bridges and intersections. Out of prison gates they come, rejoicing for the coming of a time where neither bars nor borders can limit possibility. See them coming, chanting and singing. A new way of life, a new country is upon us. Enter the people. From the depths of the holds of the slaving ship as it surges over the Atlantic. They are holding on to each other as firmly as they hold onto their languages, their traditions. In song, in memory, they will instruct the ones who come after them. For them, rhythm is a way of knowing. Let us all listen. A powerful assembly of voices ascending above the cotton, sugarcane and tobacco fields. They sing because the slave holders have long banned talking drums. For even they know their power as an ancient precursor to the world wide web, used to relay messages to enslaved people across plantations, as far as a hundred miles away. Piercing through rows of dirt and the thickness of the forest, the correspondence is subversive, a loud percussion, yet hidden in plain sight. This language, syncopation, was a rhythm that was foreign to the ears of their oppressors, a sound that resonated resilience, penetrating the enduring forces of persecution. They sang, music is a Black secret, a technology of resistance birthed as their lives were under siege. Songs that were highly sophisticated compositions, complex beats and sounds that transmitted crucial information across space and time. Information to organize, to gather, to plot. Data in service of escape. Our ancestors imagined freedom while living in chains. They proclaimed a future without slavery in the midst of an institution that asserted its permanence. They refused to be limited by the conditions of the present, even when those conditions made survival impossible. For the future of humanity depended on it. This weekend we impore you to ask yourselves, how do data and technology function in society? Are they forces for justice or are they instruments of oppression? And what role do we all play in shaping their impact? The arc of the universe may bend towards justice, but only if we bend it so. We are the leaders weve been waiting for, and today we gather. Welcome to Data for Black Lives. Yeshimabeit Milner, Executive Director of Data for Black Lives Post Tagged #MIT Media Lab

Violence And Victimization Within LGBTQ Community - Free Essay Example

Violence in relationships and bullying has been a growing problem in the United States. Victimization is very prevalent in society especially among the LGBTQ community. Studies have shown that if your peers assume your sexual orientation, individuals are more likely to get victimized to the same extent as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) individuals and experience the same psychological changes. Transphobic bullying occurs more often than cisgender or Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual (LGB) bullying in school settings. When being compared, LGBTQ youth have experienced bullying and victimization significantly higher than cisgender youth. Dank, Lachman, Zweig, and Yahmer (2013) examined the prevalence of dating abuse and violence among LGB versus heterosexual youth. Participants were 5,647 youth participants from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Of the participants in the study, six percent identified as LGB while the other 94% identified as heterosexual. Some of the demographic characteristics in the study included what the participants sexual orientation was, what was their gender as well as their age and race/ethnicity. Participants completed an anonymous survey online. The researchers assessed the participants school performance, parental involvement, risk behaviors, psychosocial adjustment, and social interaction, dating abuse and violence. The authors also assess the experiences with dating and abuse. For example, physical dating, psychological dating, cyber dating abuse as well as sexual coercion and help-seeking behavior. The researchers designed a questionnaire specifically for this research. The researchers indicated that there were significant rates with the LGB youth when it came to psychological dating abuse (59%) than heterosexual youth (46.4%). Heterosexual youths had higher rates than LGB youths academic performance and how much their parents were involved. Transgender youth participants reported significantly higher rates than cisgender youths of physical dating abuse, psychological dating abuse, cyber dating abuse and sexual coercion help-seeking behavior. Authors found that participants in the study demonstrated that their experiences with violence in their relationships indicated possible effects long-term into the future The results of this study provided more information as to the higher rate of dating abuse and violence among LGB youth compared to heterosexual youth. With the information from this study, the LGBTQ community can raise awareness and have interventions to reduce the incidence of violence. When there is violence in the relationship at early age, it is more likely to occur in their future relationships as well. LGB youth can become so accustomed to violence at an early age, they might think it is normal and that their partner is showing them how much they love them. In the future, they will just stick to the same patterns, looking for partners that are abusive because it is what they know or think they deserve. There are several limitations in Dank et al.s (2013) study. The first limitation could be that the percentages of dating violence and abuse might be an underestimate. Even though the participants knew the survey was anonymous, the participants could have been reluctant to tell the truth and could have lied on the survey which affects the results of the study. Most victims of dating abuse and violence do not want to speak up about what is going on their relationship which could lead them to lie. Another limitation is that the researchers only focused on three states for the study and for future research the authors should expand the locations. The socioeconomic status is not identified and should be in future research to determine whether it is considered a relevant variable. For future research, the study should include this information because rates could be significantly higher with a certain socioeconomic status than the other. Goldblum et al. (2012) explored whether there was a correlation between gender-based victimization (GBV) in school and suicide attempts among trans youth. Researchers recruited 350 participants of which 290 reported in-school GBV (hostility, distress or insensitivity). Goldblum et al. (2012), recruited the participants through either support groups, websites, diverse types of networks or service providers (470). The study was conducted of transgender people throughout Virginia. The participant demographic included Caucasian (65.9%), African American (22.1%), multi-racial (7.2%), Hispanic (2.4%), Asian or Pacific Islander (0.7%), Native American (0.3%), and other (0.3%) (Goldblum et al.,2012, p. 199). The researchers looked at the participants annual income which determined their socioeconomic status (SES). Most of this participants in this study were primarily of the low and middle SES. Participants completed a survey for this study that was either a paper version (English or Spanish) and an internet version. The researchers looked at the difference between the various subgroups within the trans community. Goldblum et al. (2012) classified the subgroups as? Individuals assigned male birth who transition or would like to transition at some point to identify consistently as a woman or trans woman, those assigned female at birth who have transitioned or would like to transition at some point to identified consistently as a man or trans man, those assigned male at birth who do not identify consistently or totally as male and do not desire to transition full-time to living as a woman or trans woman and those assigned female at birth who do not identify consistently or as female and do not desire to transition full-time to living as a man or trans man (p. 470-471). The survey in this focused on in-school GBV, suicide attempts, whether the participants completed school or not because of GBV and what age were they when they were aware of their gender identity. The researchers indicated that 44.8% of the 290 participants experienced in-school GBV from other students and faculty because of their gender identity. When looking at the different subgroups, results indicated that trans men (60.5%) experienced higher in-school GBV than trans women (38.8%). Of all the 290 participants, 28.5% reported history of suicide attempts. Suicide attempts were significantly higher in trans men (32.1%) than trans women (26.5%). Ethnicity and SES were both negatively correlated with suicide attempts. The participants in the other category had the highest reported attempts (60.0%). The suicide attempt rate for low SES was 30.5 while middle SES (29.0%) was closes in reported statistics. The results of this study provided more information as to the impact of in-school GBV and suicide among trans youth. When youths come out, most people are not as accepting as others, which can make them feel that suicide is the only way out because they do not have the support that they all deserve to have. When coming out, many individual risk getting bullied or victimized, which increases the chances for suicide among transgender youth. These results demonstrated that suicide is a growing concern for all youths but, especially for the LGBTQ community because individuals in society are not accepting and want to take their hate out of transgender youth. There are several limitations in Goldblum et al.s (2012) study. The first limitation is would in-school GBV and the researchers operational definition of it. The researchers operational definition of GBV was a limitation because they only focused on hostility, insensitivity or distress. For future research, the study should include other types of bullying for example, physical or cyberbullying. The researcher could look into GBV versus bullying (physically) or cyberbullying and see if they are similar in ways. The researchers could also research cisgender youth and transgender youth and determine the rates of bullying between both and how prevalent they are between the two. Another limitation is the reliability of the study. This is a limitation because the results of the study could be misconstrued because the participants might not reveal the truth on the survey and lie. Some people would not want to tell the truth because they do not want to be a part of a statistic. For future re search, the study should include a natural observation, which might help with accurate results as well as include a comparison or a control group. They could compare cisgender to trans youth, or cisgender compared to LGBTQ youth. Toomey, Diaz, and Russell (2013) examined if there was a correlation between lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) youth who are nonconforming and their experiences of victimization. Toomey et al. (2013) also examined effects (direct and indirect) of the psychosocial adjustment for the participants future and whether these effects are indicators of satisfaction or depression as adults. Researchers recruited 245 LGBT adults from the San Francisco Bay Area. The participants were around 21-25 years old, either Caucasian (48.6%) or Latino (51.4%) and came out as to at least one of their parents. Data was also provided by the Family Acceptance Project. According to Toomey et al. (2013), the participants in the study were lesbian (27.8%), gay (42.5%), bisexual (13.1%) or other (16.7%). The researchers-controlled gender, sexual orientation, coming out, immigrant status, ethnicity and families socioeconomic status (SES) (Toomey et al., 2013, p. 72-73). Participants completed a survey for this study. The survey was either administered online, in person and was available in Spanish or English. The researchers operationally defined psychosocial adjustment as the participants well-being, life satisfaction and depression. Toomey et al. (2013) examined at gender nonconformity, self-reported victimization and life satisfaction. Results indicated that for gender nonconformity, females were less than men and transgender youth to be nonconforming during adolescence. Comparing males and transgender youth, transgender youth had the highest levels. The covariates did not play a factor for gender nonconformity. When researchers were looking into LGBT victimization, they discovered that it was correlated with gender nonconformity; also, associated with elevated levels of depression and low levels of life satisfaction in adulthood. The results of this study provided more information into victimization of the LGBT adolescents and that it leads to depression in adulthood. Readers should care about this research study because it shows what victimization can do individuals and how it affects them psychologically long-term. Readers should want to care about victimization of adolescents, so they can raise awareness about it and try to help reduce or prevent it from happening in the future. School systems should raise awareness also and take precautionary measures to try to prevent it from happening in the school and make it a safer place where students will be excited to go everyday instead of dreading it. There are many limitations in this study. First, the results are not considered to be generalizable. The researchers only focus on residents in California and for future research, the study should include other states and even different countries. Another limitation is the researchers operational definition of psychosocial adjustment because it is limited into what they are researching. For future research, more factors should be included other than life satisfaction and depression. According to the researchers, a limitation they found was that mentioned school victimization and that was their only focus instead of including violence. This is a limitation because not all participants experience the same victimizations as others. Also, violence might be more prevalent. For future research, violence and several types of bullying should be included as well as using a different kind of measure because a survey is not very accurate. Wernick, Kulick, and Inglehart (2014) explored the relationship between bullying and transgender youth and the witnessing of people intervening. The researchers compare transgender youth to the general population as well as other members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQQ) community. The researchers operationally defined trans in the study as transgender, genderqueer, and individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth (Wernick et al., 2014, p. 927). Participants were recruited from Michigan and from four different high schools (A, B, C, D). Of the 1171 participants, more than half were Caucasian and cisgender. Participants in each school were given a survey that was administered by their teachers. The survey consisted of questions that imitated a 5-point Likert-type scale that were assessing how likely the participant is going to intervene when certain phrase(s) are being said. Wernick et al. (2014) controlled all the variables in this survey like race, gender, age, which school they were a part of and their identity. Results indicated from the survey, that when a derogatory phrase was being said to a transgender student, most of the participants were unlikely to intervene. Transgender students tend not to not report verbal harassment, for instance, as much to faculty members. The authors found that when there were transgender students being harassed or bullied and the peers watched as it happened, no one reported anything, not even the faculty. The results of the study provided readers with more information on anti-transgender harassment and bullying and how individuals are unwilling to intervene. LGBTQQ students should feel comfortable in their school and should be allowed to tell the faculty what is going on without fear of judgement or harassment, especially on the faculties end. Readers should care about this study because LGBTQQ students should feel safe wherever they are, especially at school. These findings can be used out into the world, by having assemblies and raising awareness to students all over the country about the impact of bullying LGBTQQ youth and what it does to individuals when no one will speak up about the situation. There are many limitations in this study. First, are the researchers in this study only focus on one state, Michigan and four different schools in the same district. These limit the generalizability of the results. For future research, it could be beneficial for it to include schools from different districts as well as different states and do a comparison. Another limitation is that most of the participants are Caucasian and cisgender. Different minorities are affected more than others and Caucasians sometimes have more privilege and do not experience the same struggles minorities face. Future research should try to include all minorities and determine if there is a difference between the them when it comes to harassment or if the results would be similar. When it comes to bullying, harassment and violence of the LGBTQQ community, we have found out many things. What we know is that there are many factors that contribute to depression and other mental health issues. LGBTQQ youth are the most susceptible especially when they are in high school. During these years, is the start of the violence, bullying and victimization. From the articles, transgender youth are more vulnerable than LGB youth when it comes to bullying, dropping out of school or attempting/committing suicide because of the violence. What we do not know is how to decrease the violence, bullying and victimization within the LGBTQQ community. The articles raise awareness but make no attempt to find a way that lowers the rate of suicide, bullying, harassment and victimization. All the articles but Dank et al. (2014) focus their studies on one state, which results in the study not being generalizable. All the articles consisted of self-report measures or surveys. These measures can have a lack of honest or interest. Some of the participants, will just fill the survey out, disregarding the questions completely and the validity and reliability of the study can be questioned. Another limitation is all the articles but Dank et al. (2014) only focus on transgender youth. It could be more beneficial if the focus would be transgender youth and either compare them with other minorities or Caucasian youth to determine if the results would vary or stay the same. References Dank, M., Lachman, P., Zweig, J. M., Yahner, J. (2014). Dating violence experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(5), 846â€Å"857. https://doi-org.proxy-bc.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s10964-013-9975-8 Goldblum, P., Testa, R. J., Pflum, S., Hendricks, M. L., Bradford, J., Bongar, B. (2012). The relationship between gender-based victimization and suicide attempts in transgender people. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 468â€Å"475. https://doi-org.proxy-bc.researchport.umd.edu/10.1037/a0029605 Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., Russell, S. T. (2013). Gender- nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 71-80. doi:10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.71 Wernick, L. J., Kulick, A., Inglehart, M. H. (2014). Influences of peers, teachers, and climate on students willingness to intervene when witnessing anti-transgender harassment. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 927â€Å"935. https://doi-org.proxy-bc.researchport.umd.edu/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.06.008